Wilfred Owen - 1783 Words

Owens war poetry is a passionate expression of outrage at the horrors of war and of pity for the young soldiers sacrificed in it. It is dramatic and memorable, whether describing physical horror, such as in‘ Dulce et Decorum Est’ or the unseen, mental torment such as in‘ Disabled’. His diverse use of instantly understandable imagery and technique is what makes him the most memorable of the war poets. His poetry evokes more from us than simple disgust and sympathy; issues previously unconsidered are brought to our attention. One of Owen’s talents is to convey his complex messages very proficiently. In‘ Dulce et Decorum Est’–‘ If in some smothering dreams you too could pace / Behind the wagon that we flung him in’ the horror of witnessing†¦show more content†¦The moment when‘ the women’s eyes / Passed from him to the strong men’ is wonderfully picked out by Owen, the women’s embarrassm ent at staring, and the man’s misery at no longer being seen as a valid person. Though sleep is relief from his tortuous life in‘ Disabled’, sleep becomes a hell for many of the poems. In‘ Dulce et Decorum Est’–‘ In all my dreams . . . He plunges at me’ and in‘ The Sentry’ the persistent memories–‘ I try not to remember these things now’. The detail in Owen’s poetry puts forward his scenes horrifically and memorably. His poems are suffused with the horror of battle, yet finely structured and innovative.‘ His bleeding cough’– a scene unimaginable by us, something only a true witness would see and‘ puckering foreheads crisp’– more than frozen to death, Owen acutely describes the impact on the skin and face. The scene witnessed by Owen is so detailed we feel familiar to it ourselves. As with the unseen scars, Owen delves beneath the surface of cover ups and expectations. As in‘ Disabled’ and‘ S.I.W.’, the full horror behind these unemotional terms is described. The particular techniques adopted by Owen in his poetry underline his messages. His use of speech and present tense give his poems urgency and directness. All the senses are utilised by Owen, a constant input of sound, smell, touch as well as sight increase the dimensions of his images and overwhelm us as he must have been. OwensShow MoreRelatedWilfred Life Of Wilfred Owen914 Words   |  4 PagesWilfred Owen Poetry Wilfred Edward Salter Owen was an English poet and soldier, whose renowned compositions were distinguished in their delivery of a tenacious condemnation of the First World War. Born, 18 March 1893 in Oswestry, Shropshire, Owen commenced his poetic endeavours through his adolescence, and after having completed his schooling, soon became a teaching assistant and aspired for vocational pursuits. However, these were soon disparaged with the eminence of the Fist World War, and inRead MoreEssay about Wilfred Owen Speech891 Words   |  4 Pages both written by Wilfred Owen. I would choose these two poems to be in an anthology because I found the poems to be very dramatic and extremely detailed. Owen intends to shock us by demonstrating what a soldier might expect in a situation between life and death. He is not afraid to show his own feelings. Wilfred Owen is an anti-war poet and expresses his ideas and feelings through various themes and poetic devices which I will be discussing througho ut this speech. Wilfred Owens’ themes portray hisRead MoreWilfred Owen s Life And Work1207 Words   |  5 PagesWilfred Owen born in Oswestry, raised in Birkenhead and Shrewsbury. In 1913 Owen broke from the Roam Catholic Church and went to teach English in France. Owen always had the determination to become a poet. While teaching in France, he worked on the rhyming patterns which became the prominent characteristics of his poetry. In 1915 Owen enlisted in the British Army. His first experiences in January-May 1917 of active service was as an officer at the Battle of the Somme. Battle of Somme, led to hisRead MoreA Comparison of Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoons War Poetry1665 Words   |  7 PagesA Comparison of Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoons War Poetry Lieutenant Wilfred Edward Salter Owen M.C. of the second Battalion Manchester Regiment, was born March 18th 1893 in Oswestry, Shropshire. He was educated at the Birkenhead Institute and at Shrewsbury Technical school. Wilfred Owen was the eldest of four children and the son of a railway official. He was of welsh ancestry and was particularly close to his mother whose evangelical Christianity greatly influencedRead MoreSimilarities Between Rupert Brooke, Siegfried Sassoon, And Wilfred Owen1531 Words   |  7 PagesPoetry How it changed during the war Abby Schaubroeck Honors World Cultures Period 3 Ms. Beck 19 May 2017 Over the course of the war the perspective of literature, in specifically poetry, changed. Rupert Brooke, Siegfried Sassoon, and Wilfred Owen all share one common bond: these men were war poets. According to the Oxford Dictionary, the term â€Å"war poet† means â€Å"a poet writing at the time of and on the subject of war, especially one on military service during the First World War.† These poetsRead More The War Poems of Wilfred Owen - Contradicting the Classical Ideas of Heroism and Romanticism3263 Words   |  14 PagesPoems by Wilfred Owen   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Owen displays the reality of war, atypically shown in 20th century literature. By divulging the secrecies and terrors of brutal warfare, he exposes the superficiality of valor and false heroism; through his vivid writing, he opens the eyelids of his readers and discloses, â€Å"the old lie (Owen, Dulce et Decorum est, 25). Owen breaks idealism, replacing it with illness, physical injuries, exhaustion, fatigue and personal hells. Contrasting the Hemingway code hero, Owen displaysRead MoreHarper Lee, The Sentry By Wilfred Owen, And Good Guys Dead By Ernest Hemingway Essay3751 Words   |  16 Pagesbeen formed to answer questions and form relationships between authors and the reason(s) or any influence(s) as to why the following authors have developed their work: Harper Lee, Wilfred Owens, Ernest Hemingway. I decided to investigate the following texts: To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, The Sentry by Wilfred Owen, To Good Guys Dead by Ernest Hemingway. If the aim is to find out whether early life experiences of these authors or the time setting when they grew up in promoted or influenced theRead MoreWilfred Owen1727 Words   |  7 PagesWilfred Owen Essay Theme: The way weaponry has been portrayed. Throughout literature poets have used various literary devices in order to convey their message to the audience. Wilfred Owen has cleverly personified weaponry in the context of war and has woven it in his poems. This in turn accentuates the message he is trying to convey-- the paradox of War. The use of this tool is most prominent in three of his poems, The Last Laugh, Arms and The Boy and Anthem for DoomedRead MoreWilfred Owen1266 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is Wilfred Owen’s attitude towards WW1 and how is this shown through his poetry? Wilfred Owen was a soldier during world war one. Many of his poems were published posthumously, and now well renowned. His poems were also heavily influenced by his good friend and fellow soldier Siegfried Sassoon. Wilfred Owen was tragically killed one week before the end of the war. During the war Wilfred Owen had strong feelings towards the use of propaganda and war in general, this was due to the horrors heRead More To compare the ways in which these poems display the horrors of war.1616 Words   |  7 Pagespoems, The Soldier, by Rupert Brooke, Dulce et Decorum Est, and Anthem for Doomed Youth, both written by Wilfred Owen. Compare how these poems show the horrors of World War 1. To compare the ways in which these poems display the horrors of war. I have selected three poems, The Soldier, by Rupert Brooke, Dulce et Decorum Est, and Anthem for Doomed Youth, both written by Wilfred Owen. I chose Anthem for Doomed Youth and Dulce et Decorum Est because they are very similar and show the

Why I Visited The Orange County Museum Of Art - 1468 Words

When I visited the Orange County Museum of Art (OCMA), I was mesmerized by the beautiful sculptures, paintings, and many other works of art. This museum introduces many different exhibitions at different times and dates. The exhibition that I chose to visit is called the â€Å"Sandow Birk: American Qur’an†. The reason why I was very interested in this type of exhibition was because it displayed Middle Eastern artwork. Another reason was because I am Middle Eastern and that I can relate to it. Although I was so focused on this exhibition only, I did not realize the other works of art. However, as I walked deeper into the museum, another exhibition caught my attention. That exhibition is called the â€Å"Olga Lah: Amass and Swell†. If anyone decides to visit the Orange County Museum of Art (OCMA), I would recommend to look online about any appealing exhibitions that are being displayed as well as calling their office to plan a visit. Furthermore, in my opinion, the re were some types of art that I did not fully analyze because they were not relatively fascinating as the rest. Moreover, the artworks that I examined displayed unique qualities and their messages were demonstrated in a significant, yet informative way. First, the artwork that I would like to discuss about is a painting called American Qur’an, Sura 85-86 which was created in 2007 by Sandow Birk. The reason why Birk decided to paint American Qur’an, Sura 85-86 was because he wanted to undermine cultural prejudices about oneShow MoreRelatedThe Not-so-Wonderful World of Eurodisney5487 Words   |  22 PagesDisneyworld in Orlando, Florida; and Tokyo Disneyland in Japan. Much to Disney management’s surprise, Europeans failed to â€Å"go goofy† over Mickey, unlike their Japanese counterparts. Between 1990 and early 1992, some 14 million people had visited Tokyo Disneyland, with three-quarters being repeat visitors. A family of four staying overnight at a nearby hotel would easily spend $600 on a visit to the park. In contrast, at EuroDisney, families were reluctant to spend the $280 a day neededRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages.............................................................................................. 144 Seeking a Second Opinion ............................................................................................................ 147 Trust Me, I Know It on Good Authority ..................................................................................... 149 Suspending Belief...................................................................................................................Read MoreStarbucks Corporation12076 Words   |  49 Pagesintroduced to the three founders, who then recruited him to bring marketing savvy to their company. Schultz, 29 and recently married, was eager to leave New York. He joined Starbucks as manager of retail sales and marketing. A year later, Schultz visited Italy for the first time on a buying trip. He noticed that coffee is an integral part of the culture in Italy; Italians start their day at an espresso bar and later in the day return with their friends. 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Anechoic chamber used for electromagnetic wave measurement Quality Improvement Measures The Yamaha Group strives to ensure product safety and improve quality. At the same time, the Yamaha Group worksRead MoreEssay on Fall of Asclepius95354 Words   |  382 PagesFall of Asclepius By Harm 1 and Icrick Prologue Where should I begin? The apocalypse happened so fast. In less than a month, monsters infested every part of this world. People panicked, people died. They clawed at each other just to get out of all the infested areas around the world. There was problem about fleeing from infested areas. Everywhere was infested. There was no where anyone could go without encountering the walking plague. You know that phrase War is Hell? 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It is difficult to score well in such conditions. Substantial pressures and barriers, both internal and external, can inhibit the brand builder. To be able to develop effective brand strategies, it is useful toRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesNikki Ayana Jones Senior Managing Editor: Judy Leale Production Project Manager: Becca Groves Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila Operations Specialist: Cathleen Petersen Senior Art Director: Janet Slowik Art Director: Kenny Beck Text and Cover Designer: Wanda Espana OB Poll Graphics: Electra Graphics Cover Art: honey comb and a bee working / Shutterstock / LilKar Sr. Media Project Manager, Editorial: Denise Vaughn Media Project Manager, Production: Lisa Rinaldi Full-Service Project Management:Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesreferences. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7 (paper : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0271-4 (electronic) 1. History, Modern—20th century. 2. Twentieth century. 3. Social history—20th century. 4. World politics—20th century. I. Adas, Michael, 1943– II. American Historical Association. D421.E77 2010 909.82—dc22 2009052961 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed

Alfred Edward Housman Free Essays

A.E.Housman (Alfred Edward Housman) was born on March 26th 1859 in Fockbury, Worcerstershire. We will write a custom essay sample on Alfred Edward Housman or any similar topic only for you Order Now He was basically a classical scholar and an English origin poet. He was famous for his poem A Shropshire Lad. These short and poetic poems were written before the 19th century. The thoughful suggestion of fated youth in England, their auxilary, language and chracteristic description was appealing to the Geogian and and Edwardian composer prior and following the WW1. Housman was reckoned among the leading classic writers of his time. He had created a name for himself after printing as a private scholar and because of which he was selected as a Latin Professor at the College London University and than later at the prestigious Cambridge. His famous editions of Lucan, Juvenal and Manilius are said to be very well respected. With these settings of poetry, the generation was strongly linked and were also were much connected with the Shropshire poems as well. Alfred Edward Housman was the son of a country solicitor and the eldest of his seven siblings. His sister Clemence Housman and Laurance Housman also became writers. A.E.Housman went to school at King Edward and than later to Bromsgrove school where he had a strong academic foundation and won numerous prizes for his poetry. He got a scholarship at St Johns College, Oxford in 1877 where he got education in classics. He was amazing in analyzing texts. He became so much involved into Texts that he did not retake philosophy and ancient history and even did not take a passing degree. He did not make much friends with his only friends being his roommates A.W.Pollard and Moses Jackson. Alfred Housman had a hard and usually reserved feelings for his friend Moses Jackons which were refused by Jackson as he was hetrosexual. This refusal by Moses led to Alfred unpredicted failure in his exams in 1881. Jackson got a clerk job in the Patent office in London and also got Housman a job there. They started sharing an apartmen with Adalbert who was the elder brother of Jackson. They stayed there till 1885 after which Housman moved into his own apartment on his own. In 1887 Moses married and moved to Karachi (Than in India) and later in 1982 Adalbert Jackson died. Alfred still continued to write classical studies on his own and also published some quality articles on numerous authors like Sophocles, Ovid, Aeschylus, Propertius, Horace and Euripides. In this period, Alfred managed to study Roman and Greek classics very throughly. He became a Latin Professor at Cambridge Trinity College in 1911 and till his death he had held the position. Alfred Housman managed to gain fame with his classic editions of the famous poets of Rome mainly Manilus, Juvenal and Lucan and also for his thorough and clever comments and his contempt for the unscholarly. Poems of Alfred Edward Housman During his life Alfred Housman had managed to publish only two poetry volumes: One being published in 1896 by the name of Shropshire Lad and the other in 1922 which was Last Poems. A Shropshire lad is a collection of his 63 poems with the majority written after his close friend Adalbert Jackons death in 1982. The main themes of the peoms were based upon unreturned love, green beauty, brief youth, sorrow, demise and the common soldiers patriotism. After his scripts were refused by many of the publishers, he decided to print them on his own expenditure which was a shock for his students and his colleagues. The Shropshire Lad was a rather slow in momentum to gain popularity, the arrival of war, at first in the Boer war and than later in WW1, gave this book a widespread popularity because of its regretfulness potrayal of the English troops. Numerous composers of music managed to make different setting of musical for the work of Housman which increased his popularity. How to cite Alfred Edward Housman, Papers

Comment on setting in both Tess of the DUrbervilles and another Victorian novel Essay Example For Students

Comment on setting in both Tess of the DUrbervilles and another Victorian novel Essay In any novel, the setting is vital, and often reflects the situation in either the plot or the characters feelings. In the Victorian novels setting was often either in the country side, surrounded by nature, in a world that was soon to change, an idealistic look back at the naturalistic world the author looked back to. Otherwise it would be set in the newly industrializing towns, such as London, providing an opinion on the evolution of towns and industry. Whilst there were exceptions to this, such as Disraelis Sybil, in which the country is depicted in an entirely ghastly place, the tendencies of novels of the time were to use the nature around them to show exactly how the character was feeling, or what was going on. A prime example of this is Hardys Tess of the DUrbervilles, where not only does Hardy babble on like some idyllic stream about rural life, but he also utilises his setting to depict and dictate the mood to be experienced by Tess. Other books of the period also use setting to great effect, and I will also discuss these in accordance and in comparison to Tess. Tess takes place in rural southern England in an area called Wessex that roughly corresponds to present-day Dorset County. Wessex includes a variety of landscapes, from fertile valleys to arid limestone beds, bordered by heaths, sands, and the sea. The novel begins in Marlott, which in reality is a village of Dorset named Marnhull. Tess, the protagonist of the story, is born and raised in Marlott, an isolated village that differs greatly from the country beyond. By describing Tesss world as small and confined, Hardy is reinforcing the idea that Tess is a pure woman, a simple country maiden protected from the world beyond Marlott. When the story unfolds and Tess looses her innocence, she has left the protection of Marlott and is in Trantridge and then in Sanbourne, which is Hardys name for Bournemouth. As Tess circumstances grow more tragic, the weather appropriately grows harsh and the scenery grows bleak. The countryside is almost a character in Tess. Much of the time the settings reflect whats happening to Tess and the characters that influence her life. Marlott, her hometown, is as secure as a mothers womb. Talbothays, where she meets Angel, is fertile and expansive- the perfect place for growth and romance. Flintcomb-Ash, where she waits hopelessly for her husband to return, is an abject wasteland. Each station or place where Tess stops is a testing place for her soul. Hardys Wessex is so varied that it can be seen as a microcosm of the world. Notice, however, that the novel excludes large urban centers, though their influence can certainly be seen in the market towns and railroad trains buzzing through the countryside. Tess abounds in natural imagery. Few books are as lush with descriptions of natural life. To Hardy nature, like sexuality and society, has its good and bad points. Nature can be wonderful, as it is at Talbothays Dairy, where the land is fertile and life-renewing. The season developed and matured. Another years installment of flowers, leaves, nightingales, thrushes, finches, and such ephemeral creatures, took up their positions where only a year ago others had stood in their place when these were nothing more than germs and inorganic particles. Rays from the sunrise drew forth the buds and stretched them into long stalks, lifted up sap in noiseless streams, opened petals, and sucked out scents in invisible jets and breathings. .u6eda76e956a603cf566e234efc422570 , .u6eda76e956a603cf566e234efc422570 .postImageUrl , .u6eda76e956a603cf566e234efc422570 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6eda76e956a603cf566e234efc422570 , .u6eda76e956a603cf566e234efc422570:hover , .u6eda76e956a603cf566e234efc422570:visited , .u6eda76e956a603cf566e234efc422570:active { border:0!important; } .u6eda76e956a603cf566e234efc422570 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6eda76e956a603cf566e234efc422570 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6eda76e956a603cf566e234efc422570:active , .u6eda76e956a603cf566e234efc422570:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6eda76e956a603cf566e234efc422570 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6eda76e956a603cf566e234efc422570 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6eda76e956a603cf566e234efc422570 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6eda76e956a603cf566e234efc422570 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6eda76e956a603cf566e234efc422570:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6eda76e956a603cf566e234efc422570 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6eda76e956a603cf566e234efc422570 .u6eda76e956a603cf566e234efc422570-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6eda76e956a603cf566e234efc422570:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Stranger: Main Character Analysis EssayThe scenes of Talbothays are heaven like in imagery and in what goes on there; they are an unrealistic paradise she has found. But not all of the surrounding is so kind and hospitable. It can also be harsh and grueling, as it is at Flintcomb-Ash Farm, where the soil is thoroughly inhospitable to growth. It is a barren cruel and unforgiving landscape, and this is reflected in the novel, with Tess feeling abandoned and desperate, shunned by everyone around her. The society has treated her cruelly, and now in turn so does the land, Hardy piles on misery upon Tess in every way, the land around her including. It is evident throughout the novel how nature also reflects the characters emotions and fortunes. For example, when Tess is happy, the sky is blue and birds sing. When events turn out badly the earth appears harsh and coldly indifferent to her agony. Nature is also depicted in the many journeys that take place in Tess. Both traveling and the rhythms of nature are seen as causing fatigue. Youll notice that as Tess nears the end of her life she doesnt want to move at all. At the same time the natural rhythms of growth and seasonal change are vital to earthly continuity. We see Hardys belief in the constant movement of human feeling between pain and pleasure is also reflected in the seasonal nature of life. As you read Tess is aware that Tess life begins and ends in the spring, that she falls in love during the fecund summer months, and that she marries, ominously, in the dead of winter. Even her story is divided into seven phases. Rather than calling these sections of the novel parts, Hardy uses the word phases to emphasize that Tess life is part of a cycle that includes all of nature. Other occasions in which the setting reflects her situation are when she is raped. The fog is in and it is dark and cold, she becomes dehumanized, and something particularly inhumane happens to her, and this is suggested throughout the scene by the grim and ghoulish state of the setting. Darkness and silence ruled everywhere around. Above them rose the primeval yews and oaks of The Chase, in which were poised gentle roosting birds in their last nap. The scene is timeless, and seems to be a long way from where they are, a million years away, where light and goodness cannot penetrate; it sets the scene perfectly for the undoing of Tess. The setting and imagery in Tess sets the scene perfectly in many ways, almost farcically, in that it is idyllic when she is happy and yet hellish when things are going wrong, but that is evident in another famous novel of the Victorian era, Brontes Wuthering Heights. There are only two houses in this novel: Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. The former is associated with the stormy side of life, the latter with the calm. Physically, there is a great contrast between these houses. Wuthering Heights is a strongly built and fierce-looking farmhouse. When Linton first sees it he is frightened by the carved front and lowbrowed lattices, the straggling gooseberry bushes and crooked firs. The building is battered by severe winds during the frequent storms. Thrushcross Grange, a large estate, is much more protected from the elements. It lies in a valley, and the park around it is enclosed by a stone wall. When Heathcliff first glimpses the drawing room through a window, he thinks its heaven-all crimson, gold, and silver. Yorkshire, where these houses are located, is a wild, bleak spot. There are few trees; slopes of black rock cut swathes through the heather, which is dull brown most of the year; little streams tumble everywhere. Theres a lot of rain, a lot of mist, and a lot of snow. The people are taciturn, close fisted, and often brutal. There is no other world in the novel, and there was no other world for Emily Bronte. The character of the natural setting of the novel the moors, snowstorms begins to develop upon Lockwoods first visit to the house, and it becomes clear that the bleak and harsh nature of the Yorkshire hills is not merely a geographical accident. .ud09c99e09c6984d8e47967471ce5730e , .ud09c99e09c6984d8e47967471ce5730e .postImageUrl , .ud09c99e09c6984d8e47967471ce5730e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud09c99e09c6984d8e47967471ce5730e , .ud09c99e09c6984d8e47967471ce5730e:hover , .ud09c99e09c6984d8e47967471ce5730e:visited , .ud09c99e09c6984d8e47967471ce5730e:active { border:0!important; } .ud09c99e09c6984d8e47967471ce5730e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud09c99e09c6984d8e47967471ce5730e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud09c99e09c6984d8e47967471ce5730e:active , .ud09c99e09c6984d8e47967471ce5730e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud09c99e09c6984d8e47967471ce5730e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud09c99e09c6984d8e47967471ce5730e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud09c99e09c6984d8e47967471ce5730e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud09c99e09c6984d8e47967471ce5730e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud09c99e09c6984d8e47967471ce5730e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud09c99e09c6984d8e47967471ce5730e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud09c99e09c6984d8e47967471ce5730e .ud09c99e09c6984d8e47967471ce5730e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud09c99e09c6984d8e47967471ce5730e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Odysseus: From putting out a brushfire to destroying world famine EssayIt mirrors the roughness of those who live there: Wuthering Heights is firmly planted in its location and could not exist anywhere else. Knowing Emily Brontes passionate fondness for her homeland, we can expect the same bleakness which Lockwood finds so disagreeable to take on a wild beauty. Its danger cannot be forgotten, though: a stranger to those parts could easily lose his way and die of exposure. Heathcliff and the wind are similar in that they have no pity for weakness. The somewhat menacing presence of the natural world can also be seen in the large number of dogs who inhabit Wuthering Heights: they are not kept for pets. So we see how setting plays a huge part in establishing not only characters and plots, but most especially the mood of these novels. When we are meant to feel low, both authors condemn us to dark and cruel places, accentuating the dire circumstances of the characters we are meant to sympathise with, and yet when all is going well, we are returned to beautiful places, awe-inspiring, showing us that characters are on the up. Both novels employ this tactic, and both place a large amount of sentiment towards nature, as if ruing the industrialization, they see nature as fragile, just like the characters they have become or go on to portray.

Arundel Partners Case Essays

Arundel Partners Case Essays Arundel Partners Case Paper Arundel Partners Case Paper 1. 1 Assuming that Arundel Partners is a purely financial company with no experience in the movie industry whatsoever, one reason for them to buy the rights to create sequels would be to exploit a possible arbitrage in between the price they would pay for an option to sequels and its real value. Therefore valuing the said option correctly is of the most importance. 1. 2 We believe that portfolio negotiation rather than on a film-by-film basis will level the playing field. Since the partners do not have experience in the movie making industry and those on the other side of the negotiating table do, it would be easier for the movie industry executive to figure out which movie would be a hit and which would be a miss and try to sell Arundel the rights to only those movies that will not be followed by a successful sequel. 2. 1 NPV calculation. According to the Exhibit 4, based on 14 pairs of first films and their first sequels, average sequel negative cost as a percentage of first film negative cost was 120%. Also according to the same exhibit based on 61 pairs of first films and their first sequels average sequel rental revenue as a percentage of first film rental revenue was 70%. If we assume that Exhibit 7 represents â€Å"the universe† of films available for analysis then data from Exhibit 8 can be used to calculate what percentage of movies has been followed by a profitable sequel. According to the said exhibit 26 sequels achieved one-year return of 0. 2 or higher. Therefore we can assume that the same number of movies was followed by a profitable sequel, i. . 26. Since Arundel will have an option to producing movies and will just forgo those which supposedly will not make any profit, we can only focus on those which made profit in past. Average negative cost for these movies at year 3 is 24. 52 and average net inflows at year 4 are 57. 17. Thus NPV for these movies will be 57. 17/1. 124-24. 52/1. 123=18. 88. This result, extrapolated to â€Å"the universe† of the movie s will give us an NPV per movie of (26/99) * 18. 88 = $4. 96 million per movie. 2. 1 Option calculation. We know if we are going to make a sequel at year 1. Option will be exercises at year 3. Cost of production is the strike (K). Average K for all movies is 22. 64. Asset value (S0) would be the cash inflows (average 21. 57 per movie). PV(S0) = 21. 57/1. 124=13. 71. Standard deviation of the return is 1. 21 for year 1; since this is the year when decision is made, in year 1-3 deviation is 0. Therefore average standard deviation over whole period will be v(1/3 ? ^2 )=0. 70. Using Black-Scholes where T=3, rf=6%, S0=13. 71, K=22. 64: 0 13. 71 K22. 64 PV(K)19. 00898 T3 sigma0. 7 rf6% SSQRTT1. 212436 d1 0. 34 N(d1)0. 631748 N(d1-SST)0. 190529 c0 5. 04 So we have two results quite close to each other. The main question for NPV calculation is 12% discount rate – options are more volatile and risky and should be discounted using higher discount rate. Question for Black-Scholes – why do we use lognormal distribution? Is it appropriate here? Another question is whether the movies in the movie population is comparable and more or less same.

police brutality 101 essays

police brutality 101 essays In recent years, police actions, particularly police abuse, has come into view of a wide, public and critical eye. While citizens worry about protecting themselves from criminals, it has now been shown that they must also keep a watchful eye on those who are supposed to protect and serve. This paper will discuss the types of police abuse prevalent today, including the use of firearms and receipt of private information. I will also discuss what and how citizens rights are taken advantage of by police. For these problems, solutions will be discussed, focusing on political reform, education, and citizen review boards. These measures are necessary to protect ourselves from police taking advantage of their positions as law enforcement officers with greater permissive rights than private citizens. Because of this significant differential, all citizens must take affirmative action from physical brutality, rights violations, and information abuse. Problems arise, however, when one side is to ld what to do by another, as there is bound to be conflicting viewpoints. In regard to police abuse, there will be many officers who feel that their job of fighting escalating street crime, gangs, narcotics violations, and other violent crimes is difficult already, and that worrying about excessive policy for abusive behavior will only further decrease their ability to fight crime effectively, efficiently, and safely. Citizens, however, have been caught up in this gung-ho attitude, and police are more and more often crossing the line of investigation and interrogation with abusive behavior. This abuse must be monitored so that police do not forget who they are serving-not themselves, but the public. This means that even the criminals, who are a part of the public, have certain rights, particularly, civil rights. All citizens must be aware of these rights to protect themselves against over-aggressive officers who take advantage of their position as bad...

Philosophical Underpinnings - Supply Chain Management Essay

Philosophical Underpinnings - Supply Chain Management - Essay Example The methods of obtaining data will encompass both the qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis. Open and closed ended questionnaires will be used in this analysis. The pragmatic consideration will use both aspects. Philosophical claims emanating from the pragmatic consideration and its critique is a major factor that will affect the use of the theories. Ontology to be considered, epistemology and axiology are also important to this research study. Body Several philosophical underpinning research methods can be contained in the research in the supply management efficiency. These methods are considered depending on the extent by which their usefulness will be relevant to the nature of study to be carried out. Ontology is carried out to determine the alternative options available and to be considered. ‘Ontology is a term that refers the list or options that can be considered either in a scientific or philosophical study’ (Williamson, 1993) . The supply chain is the route the product or service goes through from the supplier to the consumer. In some cases this chain is as short as directly from the manufacturer to the consumer but, sometimes it goes through several distributors e.g. retailers before it gets to the consumer. The supply chain is also affected by several factors. ... These research methods apply to the supply chain in different occasions and instances depending on what the researcher is looking at. ‘Epistemology is a method used in analysing data which heavily relies on the type of data obtained during the research. It is popular in the social sciences. Epistemology is a metacognitive learning process assumed in our beliefs but validate other perspectives.’ (Mezirow,1990). The epistemological process is central to critical thinking, it has an effect on race, ideologies power, influence, cosmology, gender and class may be affected. This is when the rationality is in a manner that the issues contained are solved by way of reason (Everline, 1899). There is revolution in the principles of epistemological revolution, and, the sound of reason is usually considered. Studying of cases that had once occurred in trying to deduce the reasons behind their occurrence is also critical in social science. These provide the actual effect of the varia bles on the samples under research (Valentine, 2005). The results from case study get use in solving other problems of similar cases. Open discussion forum in data collection can be useful when the manufacturer is trying to come up with a new product. This method analyses what is required in the market (Lilian, 2006). It helps the manufacturer to tailor the output according to the user needs. Paradigm ‘Paradigm has been used over the centuries to refer to a set of practices that define a scientific discipline at any given time. It is a term that does not have a precise philosophical meaning, but applied in community research to provide solutions to problems’ (Ashley, 2000). Paragmatic consideration entails what is to be scrutinized from

Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Christianity - Essay Example Little is known about the origin of the historical Jesus. According to the Biblical accounts, Jesus is born by Mary in a stable during the Jew’s celebration of the Feast of the Light. The accounts also show that he is born during the time of a social and political turmoil in the Jewish nation because of the Roman invasion. The people are expecting a Messiah which will overthrow the abusive leader and who will save them from their destitute condition. However, Jesus Christ, the Messiah of the Christians is born in a manger which has also been predicted in the Bible’s Old Testament. Jesus is the single most important figure in Christianity. However, the deity of Christ is always often debated in the Christian world. While some sects believe that Jesus is the Son in the godhead, others believe that He is an incarnation of the Father himself, while still others believe that he is just human but not god. In Islam, Jesus is believed to be the greatest prophet of Mohammad. During Jesus’ time, He is opposed by the Jews because of their claim that He is destroying the law given to Moses by God himself. However, Jesus explained to them that he is not sent in the world to destroy the law but to fulfill it. It should be noted that through enough Jesus preaches the same law in the Ten Commandments. The first four laws, He summarized as loving God with all thy heart, soul, and mind while the last six He summarized as loving other people as one’s self. This is at the heart of Jesus message—for a man to have a personal relationship with his God and a harm onious relationship with his fellowmen.

Analyze 4 Photojournalism Works Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyze 4 Photojournalism Works - Essay Example The picture’s most powerful concept is the wooden structure within which the person life is contained. A picture speaking a thousand words for a life of an individual. The photojournalism technique used in this is on creating the bigger portfolio depending on the different stages for the person. The other pictures follow the above shown person as happy, living in decency, and making only the optimal use of his life. Not creating major things he couldn’t protect, couldn’t make or waste his energy in making. The simple comprehensive base is set, the best friends are loyal (dogs) and continuity is on the go. The picture then depicts the adoption of simplicity in life rather than making it boggled down by creating tough events while a person can be easily happy with a limited amount of what he/she can have. The harsh reality of life is poverty. Millions and billions of people die every day due to lack of food. People such as shown above try everyday to find food, something that can provide taste to their buds to have them sleep at night. The nights for them then are very painful with only the survival to look forward to. The picture is very powerful showing a homeless man trying to find something to drink from KFS’s thrown garbage drink cups. The problems of a homeless is then very much concentrated toward just being able to survive with something in the stomach. This is because nobody trusts them, nobody hires them and nobody can help them. People don’t want to see them in pain but being scared to help them as they might remember and ask for more favors is what scared people to take the first step. The photographer is then trying to interpret that in such a harsh condition where even drinking is being such a problem, the homeless face pleads for help, nurture and care. The interpretation of the photo is through the eyes of the photographer, taking the point of the view from within the trash can. Emphasising on the phenomena of luck in

Increase In Natural Disasters Health And Social Care Essay

Increase In Natural Disasters Health And Social Care Essay Extreme weather temperatures and increase in natural disasters in recent years have finally made the policy makers think earnestly about Climate change and Natural disasters. The stern review and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Changes fourth (revised) assessment report in 2008  [A]  had clearly stated that increase in natural disasters due to climate change will have adverse affects on social and economic sectors. The report which had declared that climate change will cause increase in natural disasters in coming years, has lived up to its prediction. According to UNISDR from year 2008-2011 natural disasters have been responsible for economic damages worth 730 Billion USD, have adversely affected 843 million people and killed about 598,000 people around the world. There has been an increase of more than 50% in the number of floods in the last decade in comparison to the 1990s and similarly the occurrence of total natural disasters has also increased over the last decade. [Error: Reference source not found] The increase in both the intensity and frequency of floods over the last decade has raised concerns within development agencies, governments and regional co-operations; natural disaster management has gained priority among all stakeholders. In 2005 U.N created The Hyogo Framework for Action  [B]  ; a global blueprint for disaster risk reduction efforts with a ten-year plan, the framework was adopted in January 2005 by 168 governments at the U.N World Conference on Disaster Reduction. [2]Although all 168 countries did accept the framework in principle, however there has been little done to reduce greenhouse emissions or adapt disaster risk reduction strategies across the board. Similarly in response to the December 2004 tsunami and the earthquake of December 2005 in South Asia, a Special Session of the SAARC Environment Ministers (Malà ©, 25 June 2005) adopted the Malà © Declaration on a collective response to large scale natural disasters. A SAARC Disaster Management Centre (SD MC) was established in New Delhi in October 2006, the SDMC was created to provide policy advice and facilitate capacity building including strategic learning, research, training, system development, expertise promotion and exchange of information for effective disaster risk reduction and management. [3] Policy making has also been activated at the state level, for example the government of Queensland in Australia has taken initiative on a state level of creating a policy framework to reduce and tackle natural disasters. The framework called the Disaster Management Strategy Policy framework includes Research, Policy and Governance, Risk Assessment, Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, Relief and Recovery, Post-Disaster Assessment. [4] One might be of the opinion that disaster events are probabilistic events and their occurrence can only be calculated on a probability basis and there is no escape from their destruction. However it is important to understand the consequences of the occurrence and what can be done to help the affected populace overcome the calamity natural disasters cause. Research has shown despite the scale of the disaster, a combination of national and international policy can help ward off disease and death in countries with functioning governments. This literature review investigates previous studies conducted on the socio economic impact of floods in context to Gender. The 2010 floods in Pakistan The geological department of the Australian government defines floods as the covering of normally dry land by water that has escaped or been released from the normal confines of: any lake, or any river, creek or other natural watercourse, whether or not altered or modified; or any reservoir, canal, or dam. [4]Floods primarily impact the human community either directly through contact with the water or indirectly through the damage the water does to the natural and human built environment. [5] Localized floods can have a significant impact on peoples physical and mental health. [6] The 2010 monsoon floods were one of the largest floods in the history of Pakistan causing unprecedented damage and killing more than 1,700 people. The floods affected over, 20 million people, inundated almost one fifth of the countrys land and caused loss of billions of dollars through damages to infrastructure, housing, agriculture and livestock, and other family assets. [8]The World Bank and Asian Development Bank estimated that the flooding had caused the economy $9.7 billion in losses. [9] Cases of malnutrition, gastroenteritis, diarrhea, skin infections, cholera, typhoid, malaria, and hepatitis were reported. Food prices dramatically increased after the flooding, putting an economic strain on the entire population. The southern province of Sindh was hit quite heavily by the floods, it was reported that nearly Seven million people were affected by floods in the province; thousands were trapped by flood waters and had been in need of assistance. Our study region the southern district of Thatta was affected in a catastrophic manner by the floods, as the flow of the flood waters touched 9,50,000 cusecs the feeble dykes built to protect the districts populace overflowed causing both banks of the Indus River to flood causing enormous amount of destruction. At the time of flooding the state machinery which included both the provincial and federal government along with many international and national NGOs led the relief efforts and was able to avoid the occurrence of any larger catastrophe such as far spread hunger or famine. However in recent years continuous acts of terrorism have kept the government preoccupied with matters of public safety and security, this has diverted the governments attention from institutional reform to matters of ad-hoc nature. The presence of situational challenges has reduced state capacity to productively provide basic services for which resources had already been deficient. This has limited governments response to natural disasters mostly to needs assessment and immediate relief operations. The assessments have typically focused on direct damages of capital assets which includes number of deaths and injuries, damages to buildings and public infrastructure, loss of crop and livestock. Assessments of disaster impacts on social sectors such as health and education are also limited to the measurement of damages to school and hospital buildings, the assessments tend to ignore the long term affects on the health and education levels of the affected populace. Long term assessments of social sectors is critical even more so for a country like Pakistan as it already struggles with low social development indicators, ranking 145 out of 187  [C]  countries in the Human Development Index and a Gender Development Index (GDI) ranking of 120 out of 146  [D]  countries. Approaches to measure impact of natural disasters Researchers across the world have used diverse approaches to determine the impact of floods. In Pakistan the EU has previously employed the EMMA (Emergency Market Mapping and Analysis), which is a rapid market analysis designed to be used in the short term aftermath of a sudden-onset crisis. A better understanding of the most critical markets in an emergency situation enables decision makers (donors, NGOs, government, other humanitarian actors) to consider a broader range of responses. The aim of the approach is to gauge and understand the structure and functioning of key markets in the short term so that immediate recovery programs are in consistent to the on the ground situation. Although the research is useful in providing immediate relief, however the approach does not take into consideration the long term effects of the disaster. [10] Likewise another approach which can help donors target their recuperation efforts is ECLAC, ECLACs methodology is related to post disaster evaluation; it focuses on rehabilitation and recuperation. It advocates using a dynamic and sectoral perspective that enables the researchers to calculate future losses derived by the destruction of productive structures and forfeitures of business opportunities and its middle/long term effects in different terms. The methodology aims to enable its users to try to define if and which type of international cooperation the community affected needs. Although precise knowledge of various sectoral damages and losses, present and future, suffered by the communities enables the disaster relief agencies to execute more specific rehabilitation projects, however usage of a macro-perspective to gauge the damages and provides losses in monetary terms leaves out the impact on social sectors and chiefly focuses on economic costs. [11] In a Flood-site project report on the Mulde River in Germany the researchers have taken the bottom up perspective to analyze social vulnerability posed by floods. The methodology seeks to categorize the circumstances that make an individual or a community vulnerable and investigate how some groups in these circumstances might be more vulnerable than others. The researchers who define social vulnerability as the characteristics of a person or group in terms of their capacity to anticipate, cope with, resist, and recover from the impact of a natural hazard primarily focus on how communities and social groups are able to deal with the impacts of a natural hazard. The approach provides valuable insight into the dynamics of social capital, but lacks detail of sectoral assessments. [12] Along with well targeted programs it is important that recovery programs are sustainable. In Sudan, AIACC has employed a research method based upon the sustainable livelihood conceptual framework; the research method aims to evaluate the performance of sustainable livelihood and environmental management measures. International Institute for Sustainable Development defines sustainable livelihoods as being concerned with peoples capacities to generate and maintain their means of living, enhance their well-being, and that of future generations. Sustainable livelihood assessment is intended to generate an understanding of the role and impact of a project on enhancing and securing local peoples livelihoods. It primarily relies on a range of data collection methods, a combination of qualitative and quantitative data indicators and, to varying degrees, application of a sustainable livelihoods framework. The model focuses on five types of capital namely; natural, physical human, social and f inancial. The framework employs the Livelihood Assessment Tracking (LAST) System to measure changes in coping and adaptive capacity. Quantitative and qualitative indicators are combined with the LAST system for its use; the LAST system is developed through creation of development indicators by the help of the local community. [13] All the above mentioned frameworks, even with their short-comings provide valuable inputs into the assessment methods of disaster impacts. However, the above discussed frameworks which focus on immediate needs assessment, macro-economic impacts, social capital, and sustainable livelihoods do not seem to be gender sensitive and lack concentration on social sectors in a gender sensitive manner. It has been time and again noted that women are most adversely affected by natural disasters. Sara-Bradshaw in her paper socio-economic impacts of natural disasters advocates the use of a gender approach; the paper states that the first step to ensuring that the specific basic needs of women are addressed over the short and long term is to collect data broken by sex and age segments immediately after the occurrence of a disaster. This is important because breaking up of data helps realize the affects of the flood on women in particular and assists in highlighting the specific requirements of the gender. For example in many cases in a Muslim country women might opt not to visit a male doctor, hence if the researchers have the number of women who need medical attention they can arrange female doctors accordingly. [14] Gender Aspects of Natural Disasters International Enarson et al 1998, Fordham 1998, Morrow 1999 and Tapsell et al 2000 are of the view that floods and other disasters can impact upon men and women in different and distinct ways. Similarly It is believed that men and women will be faced with different vulnerabilities to climate change impacts due to existing inequalities such as, their role and position in society, access to resources and power relations that may affect the ability to respond to the effects of climate change (WEDO 2007; Commission on the Status of Women 2008; Carvajal et al 2008; Bridge, 2008). [15][16] [17] [18] [19] It is a basic fact that majority of the women in developing countries and particularly in the South Asian region are at a disadvantage when compared to their male counterparts. International Literature such as Tapsell et al 2003 illustrates that women suffer markedly more than men at the worst time of flooding. Research has shown that due to socially constructed roles and responsibilities, women seem to bear the most burdens resulting from climate variability impacts. Due to the traditional gender roles in many developing countries, it is seen that women are in charge of the house and responsible for household needs such as cooking, washing, hygiene, children and raising small livestock. Children, in particular girls share these responsibilities. In Africa, women do 90% of the work of collecting water and wood, for the household and food preparation. It is noted that women have to work extra workloads when faced with natural catastrophes as they try to manage their everyday tasks during an emergency situation. [20] [21] Qualitative research suggests that this is because women have the main responsibility for, and probably, a greater emotional investment in the home than men. They also usually have the key responsibility for the care of children and the elderly in the home, for example even in a post flood situation it is the central responsibility of the woman for getting the home back to normal after the flood. [22] In many developing countries and especially in the south Asian region, food hierarchies favor male nutritional requirements and often women nutrition and health requirements are ignored. In Bangladesh it has been reported that Given the already precarious nutritional state of large numbers of girls and women in Bangladeshà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦any further increase in discrimination would have serious consequences. In poor households, throughout the world, women go without food for the benefit of their children or male family members. [30][31] Moreover an ADB report in 2001 found that in Bangladesh of the 20-30% female headed households, 95% are living below poverty line. Even in developed countries such as the U.K, lone parent and single pensioner households-the majority of which are female headed are most likely to be living in poverty. It is noted that in some instances pressure on families has been so severe that there have been reports of children being offered for domestic employment, a nd of female children being sold. The evidence informs us that women headed households already tend to have limited economic resources and hence a natural disaster can have a greater impact on their livelihoods in comparison to others. Other than the over-all poverty rates, health and education are two sectors where women in the region still lag behind men. The poor nutritional status of women makes them more susceptible to disease infection, particularly in developing countries where there is little social provision and limited or no access to proper medical care. Poor nutrition also makes women more vulnerable to disasters, and makes the physically strenuous tasks of water and fuel collection more difficult. Research in India has found that girls nutrition suffers most during periods of low consumption and rising food prices , which is common during disaster situations [36][37]. Fewtrell and Kay (2006) provide evidence of floods causing Bacterial, fungal, respiratory disease, and gastrointestinal infection along with earache and skin rashes among others. It is widely acknowledged in health research that some groups, such as women (especially pregnant women), the young, the elderly and immune compromised people are more vulnerable to health impacts (especially infection) than other people (e.g. Flynn and Nelson, 1998; White et al., 2002; WHO 2004). [28] Moreover floods can also have an impact on the mental health of the affectees. It has been suggested that women may suffer more mental strain in certain situations, due to cultural norms. Women in poor health prior to the flood are more likely to experience the flooding as traumatic. When whole families move to urban slums or relief camps the women face challenges adapting to the new environment. Problems include harassment, lack of security, unreliable water supplies which increases their workload, and gender insensitive conditions such as lack of privacy also have a tolling effect. Long journeys to the relief camps can cause both physical and mental stresses when coupled with experiences of sexual harassment on these journeys. Womens dramatically expanded care giving roles following a disaster, and putting family needs before their own, may explain overall decline in emotional well being. [29] Gender Aspects of Natural Disasters Pakistan The international literature on women in relation to climate change clearly highlights the severe vulnerability and adverse exposure natural disasters pose to women in particular. Similarly research studies have been conducted by different development organizations to gauge the impact of the severe floods that hit Pakistan recently. The research results are in line with international research literature. As Pakistani women particularly tend to mainly have reproductive and domestic roles in the households and are barely visible in the public spheres, particularly in rural areas, these characteristics make way for a greater impact on their socio-economic conditions from natural disasters. The existing situation of women in Pakistan cannot be fully valued without an understanding of the ways in which religion, culture and traditions have organized social relations and fractured society along class, racial, ethnic and gender lines. Pakistan therefore, presents a distinctive situation fro m a socio-economic perspective. In Pakistan Men and boys are given more weightage over the family resources in comparison to women and girls. A survey conducted by OCHA as a Needs Assessment study on the 2011 floods in Sindh found that 37% of households had reduced or skipped food intake; practice adopted by women and girls in the household to meet the ration requirements, which is similar to findings mentioned earlier from Bangladesh. [32] Nazish brohi et al have analyzed emerging trends and data, relying primarily on the Gender Needs Assessment (GNA), the Multià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ cluster Rapid Assessment Mechanism (McRAM), case studies and emerging secondary information. Their study includes case studies based on the various experiences of women to floods. The women respondents in the study have insisted that they had no prior information about the floods and many were taken back by surprise. The unexpectedness of the floods magnified its impact and also increased the exposure of the flood victims. The study present insights into the experiences of women through case studies, for example in Mianwali, a thirty year old woman, Jawwahi, rushed out with her family in waist high water and saw her house crumble before her; in Charsadda, women awoke to cries and found water rushing into their houses. Similarly the study also illustrates how women hygiene had been affected due to floods. For example in Kalabagh district, Baghat Bi bi, a sixty year old woman with her three daughters and three daughters in law visited the river every few days and submerged themselves in the water to clean themselves and their clothes, and then dry themselves while wearing the same clothes it is reported that the they had been doing it for over three weeks. As women in rural areas are not used to moving about in public spaces other than their villages; girls and women are often embarrassed to be seen accessing lavatories and hence do so during nightfall or early morning. Such overwhelming circumstances coupled with cases of harassment can have profound impacts on mental health. [35] The Preliminary Gender Needs Assessment report by UNIFEM  [E]  reports that the women were under severe stress as the devastation caused by the floods destroyed their limited assets, worsened their personal security situation, and changed their responsibilities as they were forced to respond to emergency conditions. The report stresses upon the fact that even though womens health is vital to the well-being of their families, after disasters, traditionally as caregivers, they tend to place their needs last. It also affirms that in certain provinces, cultural norms such as purdah limit women from being able to express their needs, additionally women also tend to have a chance of going unnoticed in the compensation process as their economic contributions are usually unseen. Similarly the women interviewed by IDMC in Sindh alleged that access to income-earning opportunities has been their biggest challenge and a major concern for women heads of household. The slow pace of recovery from the extensive damage the floods caused to the agricultural sector was expected to have a major impact on womens employment. Women also lacked the documentation to prove their property rights. As a result, widows and women heads of household interviewed by IDMC reported great difficulty in claiming inheritances, land and possessions left at home when they fled. [23] A March 2011 report by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) found that internally displaced women and girls across the country could not venture out to receive emergency food aid without being threatened for violating purdah. [24] Women complained that most health services available in the aftermath of the floods concentrated on primary health care with little specialized focus on reproductive health for women. [25] A 2010 assessment by the UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) quoted women as reporting sexual harassment in flood displacement camps where different tribes, families and villages were placed together. [26] Hence it is essential that researchers while assessing the effects of flood take both long term and short term health impacts into account. It is important for the research study to describe the characteristic impacts of floods on health outcomes, describe the factors that influence human health as a result of floods, describe the direct health impacts of floods and develop a conceptual framework to aid in the management and evaluation of flood related health management. The literacy rates of women in developing countries are much lower than their male counterparts. A study by UNICEF in the aftermath of the 2010 floods showed that there are gender disparities in supply side factors in Sindh including availability of schools for girls and boys. Pre flood institution break up by gender, level and sector shows that at the primary level there are 60% mixed schools in the public sector and 42% mixed schools at the middle level. At the primary level parents are more comfortable with sending their girl child to mix school; however there is reluctance when it comes to middle school when the girl attains puberty, the dropout rates are also highest at that point and majority of the dropouts occur when girls move from primary to middle level. Similarly the study provides evidence of gender disparities existing in Thatta; the study demonstrates the trends in pre and post flood situations in primary enrollment. [38] Lack of access to education isnt always related to scarcity of schools however the unavailability of this supply side factor can play a major role in decreasing access to education along with the unavailability of female teachers as well. Economic costs, social traditions, and religious and cultural beliefs also limit girls educational opportunities particularly when it comes to middle and high level schooling. As these social development indicators become worse due to the affects of climate change it is important for the authorities to not only measure them but also address them with sustainable development programs. Given that men and women in the study area are poverty-stricken with dependency on agriculture and natural resources for their livelihoods, natural disasters pose a high risk for them. As evident by the literature reviewed vulnerability seems to be higher for women as they do not have alternative means of employment and most of all employed women in the study area are employed by the agriculture sector. More and more researchers have concluded that it is important to opt for a gendered analysis when researching on flood impacts, Sarah Bradshaw in her study Socio-economic impacts of natural disasters: a gender analysis states The first step towards ensuring that the specific basic needs of women are addressed over the short and long term is to collect data broken down by sex and age segment immediately after a disaster. The breaking up of data helps researchers understand women specific needs better, which in turn can help policy makers design and implement women specific strategies a nd programs. [27] Even though the evidence provided above from both international and local research literature clearly advocates the case for greater vulnerability of women from natural disasters; not much has been done to assess the post disaster impact of floods on women. Research studies have remained limited to rapid assessments or need assessments, post disaster impact have not been concentrated upon. In order to design long term sustainable gender sensitive recovery programs it is crucial to understand the post disaster impact of floods on women, keeping this in mind the present study Social-Economic Impact of Flood in District Thatta: A Gendered Analysis is a pioneering work in Pakistan in which SPDCs researchers have gone a step ahead from other studies and have tried to assess the post disaster impact of one of the worst floods of the century. Furthermore, research has shown that despite obstacles faced by women, they are already developing effective coping strategies which include adapting their farming practices. Literature such as (WEDO, 2003; Gurung et al., 2006; Mitchell et al., 2007) pointed out that women are very knowledgeable and experienced with regards to coping with climate related impacts. They are aware of their needs and are very innovative in the face of change. Communities on the frontline in adapting to the effects of natural disasters need but so far often lack, adequate information about climate change and adaptation strategies. Due to the womens lower literacy levels in many regions, and other barriers to accessing information, such as culture, it is vital that womens needs are addressed in efforts to provide necessary information. [43] Ariyabandu and Wickramasighe (2005:26) suggest that although women are often more vulnerable to disasters than men (owing to conventional gender responsibilities and relations) however they are not just helpless victims as often represented. Women have valuable knowledge and experience in coping with disasters. Yet these strengths and capabilities of women are often ignored in policy decisions and in mitigation, thereby, allowing these valuable resources to go to waste and sometimes creating dependency situations. Ignorance of gender differences in the past has led to insensitive and ineffective relief operations that have not been able to target womens needs and their potential to assist in mitigation and relief work. [44] Hence this research is also important because not all is gloomy, as international research has suggested that in developing countries already experiencing negative effects of climate change, women have been identified as particularly adaptive and innovative, there fore the current research study shall play a valuable role in making policy makers better understand the long term issues of Pakistani women in particular and identify their strengths and weaknesses. Taking the above into consideration, SPDC has designed a gender sensitive research study to determine the impact of the 2010 flood of Thatta. A gender sensitive primary survey is vital in helping identify Gender gaps, hence SPDC researchers created separate questionnaires for men and women. The study helps understand the differences in the socio-economic impact of the flood on women, men, girls and boys. This includes gathering gender sensitive data on the sectors of education, health, economic, flood coping capability and the overall impact of the flood. In order to assess and evaluate the effect of flood on the household welfare and behavior, the study collects individual and household information from both male and female respondents separately, making use of gender sensitive approaches which in the past have been limited to needs assessments or rapid assessment studies.

Aims, Methods and Success of the use of Propaganda in Two Single Party

Compare and contrast the aims, methods and success of the use of propaganda in two single party states. Essentially, both Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler had the same fanatic desire to make their nations â€Å"Great† and gain considerable respect worldwide which would be determined by their economic might. Both leaders used various means of propaganda to achieve their ultimate aims. To what extent they were successful, however, is a debatable issue. Hitler could not achieve the solid control over the masses which he had, if he did not have the help of the so called powerful propaganda machine. Propaganda had been vital in winning the Nazis support that helped them come into power. As Goebbels stated in 1934 â€Å"Propaganda was [their] sharpest weapon in conquering the state, and remains [their] sharpest weapon in maintaining and building up the state†. The reason why Nazis relied on propaganda was first to keep the population contented and second win support for particular policies. Another rather ambitious aim of theirs was to indoctrinate the people with their Weltanschauung or in other words they were aiming to turn the population into committed members of their Volksgemeinschaft (a community whose members would be Aryan, genetically healthy, socially useful and politically committed to the regime). Nazi propaganda’s purpose was to influence people and to literally brainwash them without them even realizing it . Another aim was to ensure that the message delivered is so simple that even those without any education are able to understand it. It was carefully thought out to control and impose Nazi ideology. Hitler’s aim was to influence the nations spiritually on the behalf of the State and gain devoted followers on his side. He ... ...ngthen if not necessarily to convert millions to Fascism. It is a fact that Mussolini’s dictatorship was more conservative that that of Hitler’s reign of hostility and terror. Nevertheless, both leaders used propaganda extensively to promote their ideologies and policies. Hitler on one hand relied mostly on the media and other means of communication to propagate wherever and whenever it is possible, whereas Mussolini focused mainly on propagating in schools. Hitler’s propaganda was much more aggressive as it involved violence and thus differentiating his means from that of Mussolini’s. Last but not least, both leaders did achieve success to certain level trough propaganda in the sense that it increased popularity for the two regimes, Nazism and Fascism. Yet, there were many who opposed them secretly or not and thus arguing the extend to which they were successful.

Globalization Essay

Effects of Globalization As Candied said (a character created by Voltaire), we must cultivate our garden. Globalization causes diversity between cultures because unfortunately thanks to globalization, the world changes negatively day by day and also cultures are shaped according to this change. In today’s world we have to cultivate ourselves In order to exist in society, Cooperation in cultures helps to follow this change and creates new identities. According to Tyler Cowmen, globalization has a cultural benefits for society but in contrast Dry. Stranger argues that globalization creates a monotone identities which people want to attain It. Thus, this change which we call cross-culture has both negative and positive side and from my point of view, It’s true that cross-culture has positive effects for creating diversity in cultures but by a majority, globalization has a negative side on us as Dry. Stranger claims. Society’s perspective determine women and men roles in society. Before the period of globalization there was a definitive gap between genders. Thus, thanks to globalization, society’s point of view changes on man and women positively. Before, women have to look beautiful, made-up and have specific body size which makes them all seem bland and plastic like Barry dolls. They don’t have right to work because they are fragile, naive and emotional but In contrast, man has to be a bread winner because they are strong, not sensitive and independent. Therefore Simons De Behavior (French philosopher) used Hedge’s description of the master-slave dialectic. She compared the terms â€Å"master† and â€Å"slave† with â€Å"subject† and â€Å"other. She claims â€Å"The subject Is the absolute. The other Is the inessential. † (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2010) Therefore she argues hat there is a huge inequality between genders and this inequality put women into the background. However, after the French revolution, the world started to change. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France was over; people became aware of what they were and what they can do. Thus, this revolution caused a big change in Europe, After this revolution, Europe had entered into three revolutions and the most effective one was is the industrial revolution. Thanks to the industrial revolution, society perspective was shaped differently because states started to cooperate between each other. As a conclusion, society needs more labor and this event caused a change in gender roles. Women may also place in the work place which reduces the inequality between man and women. Also this is a revolution of new identities because we act our social roles how society wants. This revolution causes a change in social perspective, culture, so people’s view Is also change which creates new identities. After all. People developed themselves. As Tyler Cowmen claims â€Å"Look at a book and ask yourself, where does paper come from, where does printing come from, where do the ideas in the book come from? What’s the religious background of the author? (Really Creative Destination August,2003) Thanks to revolution, Europe made a trade between each other which caused a diversity in cultures. They changed all their view in every subject especially in gender roles. Thus, this interaction caused a change in whole world. People became more open-minded and they cultivate ‘Off Cowmen affirms, these discoveries created more comfortable lives. Consequently, I’m agree with the idea that interaction lead to the development of personality. It’s true that globalization has a positive side as has been illustrated, but in my opinion, costly, it has a negative side. For instance, the inequality between rich and poor increases. The Rich get richer and poor get poorer. Economic power causes this difference which influences the culture. It’s indispensable that people should protect their own traditions but globalization cause a loss of cultural identities. Most of the world tries to act according to American lifestyle because America has all the economic, politic power. Therefore, globalization can lift people out of poverty but the inequalities between groups get stronger. People wear same clothes; same shoes and eat same foods such as fast food. They follow same trends and same dream so as Dry. Stranger claims â€Å"As humans we naturally measure ourselves to those around us, but now we live in a ‘global village’ we are comparing ourselves with the most ‘significant’ people in the world and finding ourselves wanting. † (Bates, 2011). Accordingly, this global village which Dry. Stranger mentions causes a loss of cultural identities because we act and try to be like a dominant culture. In fact, we don’t want to be like a dominant culture. They force us to be like them, they manipulate our brains so they make pressure on us that we should act according to their rules. For example; George Orwell explains this situation in one of them his books which is 1984. In 1984, he creates a character which he entitles Big Brother who is a dictator of his own state and he forces his people to obey them. He manipulates their brains and he gives a role to play for existing in society. Thus these people loss their identity also their personality as we do. The another example is sass’s Turkey which we experienced the period of wrong westernizes due to media and literary influence. In sass’s all of Turkish people try to live like Europe. However, their lifestyle is not laid for our culture so in time family values changed and were mostly lost. Also our language started to get lost their value which is a another negative side of globalization. Languages lost their value day by day and it’s a big cultural loss because language is the most important element of identity. As Tyler Cowmen approved the cross-culture, he also add â€Å"In terms of culture, there is a loss. For instance, it’s absolutely true that a lot of languages are dying. † (Really Creative Destination August,2003). Therefore in sass’s Turkey people migrate to Europe and if e read the books of this time we will observe that writers use French in order to use Turkish. Also if we regard today’s world everyone use English in order to use their tongue. In this manner, I may say that, globalization creates diversity but this diversity also creates a chaos in culture because people start to take someone as a roll-model and try to live like that. In this case, we observe a loss in cultural traditions which makes a negative effects on society. Again Taylor Cowmen argues â€Å"The Julian Simon point that the gains are much larger than the costs is certainly true. Really Creative Destination August,2003). I’m totally disagree with this claim so from my point of view, in this situation, the costs are much larger than the gains because when we lost cultural values there will defends that globalization has a positive effect on cultures because thanks to diversity people make change in t heir perspective especially, they start to know many cultures which help to develop themselves. However I’m disagree with this idea like Dry. Stranger. Globalization damages cultural values. It’s true that thanks to globalization people are not stay shallow but constantly, it causes a loss in cultural identities. Therefore, I assert the idea of protectionism. Everyone should protect their cultural values and be aware of what they are. Otherwise; in the future, there will be a monotone people as Dry. Stranger asserted. Eventually, this cultural interaction causes a shape in society negatively to the contrary of the claim of Taylor Cowmen. Works Cited Ibuprofen, Debra. â€Å"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy’ 2010. Simons De Behavior. Cowmen, Tyler. â€Å"Really Creative Destruction August† September, 2003. Interviewed by Nick Gillespie of Reason Magazine. Bates, Claire. â€Å"The Daily Mail†.

Marriage

Marriage Free Online Research Papers In writing a research paper I wanted to address the most important aspect of my life, my family. I thought about writing on children and the changes they undertake as they grow from infancy to young adulthood, but then I realized if I had not married their mother I would not know anything about how they grow or change. Today, the view of marriage is a negative one. This attitude is revealed by a young woman who said, â€Å"When I got married I was looking for an ideal, but I married an ordeal and now I want a new deal!† (Sam Kathy). But the problem is not the institution of marriage. The problem lies with the individuals within that structure and their attitudes towards marriage in general. In thinking about writing a research paper on a specific aspect of marriage I could not find just one I wanted to address. I began to research different marriage materials and quickly found myself among the many different stages of marriage, even before the I do. I begin by summari zing, first, how a single person should view marriage, then the characteristics one should possess when choosing a person to marry, leading to the questions that should be asked even before the engagement, to finally the union of man and wife and their roles once married. A single person often thinks of marriage with an expectation that revolves around a white picket fence. Unfortunately this is just not factual, and too many times this is the cause of divorce when their ideal is not met. In Genesis 2:22 God became the first matchmaker â€Å"The Lord God fashioned into a woman the rib which He had taken from the man, and brought her to the man.† Every single male that desires to be a husband should not decide what kind of marriage he wants but rather what kind of wife he wants. All too often men look for a woman that will meet the marriage requirements he has adopted over time and takes for granted that he will be in love with the woman first. This fact is true for men and women alike who are looking to marry. The single female looks for safety and security and hopes that marriage will provide both at once. The problem with this is that security cannot be achieved through marriage but by love. The only way a relationship is truly safe is for the couple to love each other to the point that worldly processions and status fall second to a faithfulness that can pass the test of time. Once this love is established then one must consider if the person they love possesses the traits needed for a lasting marriage. Two people who have come to realize what is needed to consider leaving the single life behind and entering into marriage can then move on to personal compatibility. Once they are in love and decide marriage is the next step one should begin looking for key attributes in the relationship. Communication is vital to understanding each other on a level where one can find out what each other’s expectations for marriage are. If they are the same then the two of them can move on to family and backgrounds which should be considered before deciding to even become engaged. Talk to your partner about how the relationship began and let the other person know your desire for the direction you want it to head in next. â€Å"Pre-marriage counseling will help prepare for a successful marriage.† (Robert Brennan) Once an engagement has been announced some people feel obligated to follow through even if they have changed their minds during the course of therapy. Counseling addresses preserving the beauty of the love relationship so that it can be carried into marriage. In creating a safe environment that allows both parties to express feelings and concerns without judgment the couple can learn more about each other than they have acquired in your relationship so far. When the couple knows each other and how they stand on subjects such as: family, finances, sexuality, and marriage expectations, then they can make an informed decision concerning their future together. There are five questions created by Dr. David Powilson that are a guide to consider before engagement. 1. Are you both of the same religious background or beliefs? 2. Do you have a track record of being able to solve problems? Where do you need to change and grow to become a wiser person? 3. Are both your lives headed in the same direction? 4. What do those who know you well think of your relationship? 5. Do you really want to marry this person? Are you willing to accept each other just as you are? The most important of these would seem to be number five because it engulfs all the rest. If one can say yes to being willing to move on in their relationship with contentment in each other just as they are, then they are ready to move forward. â€Å"This must be evaluated because to enjoy the blessings in marriage, you need skills in solving problems and building honesty and trust.† (Monica) With the engagement at hand you now only have to know the right and wrong reasons for getting married. Let’s start with the wrong reasons beginning with being free of one’s parents. If independence is what one seeks then marriage is not how to achieve it. Someone may become free of their parents but, will be committing themselves to someone else for the rest of their life. There are other reasons that are all wrong for marriage; sex, loneliness, to be happy, for financial stability, because the partner loves you, and because of pregnancy. The one thing a parent never wants their child to feel is responsible for a broken or unhappy marriage that was entered into based on pregnancy. Entering into marriage for any of these reasons will only be a temporary fix and end badly for both parties. If these are all the reasons not to get married the couple probably would like the positive side as well. The correct reasons for getting married begin with being in love with one another. This is the first and most important reason anyone should ever enter into marriage. Other reasons are; a desire to share your life with another, to have a lifetime companion, realistic expectations of the other, and a willingness to fulfill one another’s needs and desires. If the reasons for entering into marriage are the right ones the time for the proposal is perfect and the date should be set. Once the union of man and wife is formed you have become one flesh as it states in Matthew 19:5 â€Å"For this reason a man shall leave his father and mother and be joined to his wife and the two shall become one flesh.† Now you can focus on your role in the marriage and your responsibilities to your spouse. For a husband the command is given to love your wife as Christ loved the church. â€Å"What a standard this is because He came from heaven to seek her, to be His holy bride; with His blood He bought her, and for her life He died.† (Monica) If a man is to love in this manner then the woman should be submissive to his love and both should be selfless in all areas of their life together. This is not to say that you cannot have a hobby or something set aside for yourself as long as it meets the approval of your spouse. When you have married, you have pledged yourself to someone else’s happiness. A challenge many loving married couples encounter is that of expressing their desire for one another in a manner that promotes passion. Husband and wife should learn how to complete each other through emotional and physical intimacy. Intimacy does not simply relate to sex in a marriage. There are many aspects of intimacy; mind, body, and soul. Each of these areas should be open and honest in your communication with one another especially in the first years of marriage because this closeness will be the foundation for years to come. Matthew 7:24-27 Therefore everyone who hears these words of mine and acts on them may be compared to a wise man who built his house on the rock. 25. And the rain fell and the floods came and the winds blew and slammed against that house; and yet it did not fall, for it had been founded on the rock. 26. Everyone who hears these words of mine and does not act on them will be like unto a foolish man who built his house on the sand. 27. The rain fell, and the floods came, and the winds blew and slammed against that house; and it fell – and great was its fall. If you build your marriage on a firm foundation it can weather anything life throws at it. Knowing what to look for while you are still single will be the corner stone for any marriage. Brennan, Robert. â€Å"Marriage and Pre- Marriage Counseling.† Online posting. 7 April 2008. Apokata. Psychological services. www.apokata.addr.com Buttoughs, Pat. â€Å"The good wife’s guide.† Online posting. 10 February 2008. Housekeeping Monthly. www.associatedcontent.com Kathy, Sam. â€Å"How to be a Godly wife.† Morningside Ministries. Pflugerville, Texas. 12 August 2001 Monica. â€Å"Marriage.† Online posting. 26 March 2005. www.keepandshare.com Stritof, Sheri Bob. Weblog post. Lower you odds for divorce before you marry. About.com. 7 April 2007 www.marriage.about.com â€Å"Let’s Talk About Sex.† 8 April 2008 www.thepurebed.com â€Å"The Good Husband’s Guide.†13 May 2006 www.families.com â€Å"The Holy Bible.† 1960. The American Standard Bible Research Papers on MarriageInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionWhere Wild and West MeetComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoResearch Process Part OneHip-Hop is ArtEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseGenetic Engineering

Courage in War essays

Courage in War essays Courage in war is a very difficult phrase to attach a simple definition to. As far as I am concerned, it describes an emotion or feeling of fear and bravery in the mind, heart and soul of soldiers. Many opinions exist on what courage in war really is. In the following, I will attempt to define it. James Boswell, an author in the 1700s, wrote in The Life of Johnson of a conversation regarding the courage of soldiers in war. In this conversation, one man asks of courage and if its not acquired. The response he is given suggests that separately soldiers lack courage, but together, such as in times of war, they collectively possess it. SCOTT. But is not courage mechanical, and to be acquired? JOHNSON. Why, yes, Sir, in a collective sense. Soldiers consider themselves only as parts of a great machine. (Boswell 384) William Shakespeare, the famous writer of poetry and English plays, wrote about the idea of courage for the sake of honor in act four, scene four of his famous play, Hamlet. In this scene, Hamlet is in a soliloquy about the Norwegian princes decision to engage the forces. The prince made this decision knowing that in doing so it is very possible that the Norwegians will lose thousands of men. However, the Prince feels it is for an honorable cause, so he is willing to lose those men. Witness this army of such mass and charge Led by a delicate and tender prince, Whose spirit with divine ambition puffd Makes mouths at the invisible event, To all that fortune, death, and danger dare, Even for an egg-shell. Rightly to be great Is not to stir without great argument, But greatly to find quarrel in straw When honors at stake. (Shakespeare II 59) Many questions come to mind in such a scenario. Is honor even worth the courage that defends it in such a situation? Can the defens ...

B1 Corn as GMO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

B1 Corn as GMO - Essay Example This cDNA strand is then isolated and cloned or duplicated for the purpose of transformation into another species and this transformation process is made possible with the help of the bacterium known as Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Peel, 2001). This particular bacterium infects specific woody dicotyledonous plant species, where certain parts of the Agrobacterium circular DNA known as Ti plasmid can insert themselves into the host plant’s cell (Peel, 2001). The host plant, which is the corn plant in this particular experiment, then expresses the Bt gene (Peel, 2001). If this particular transformation process is not opted for, then the gene gun can be utilized. The other transformation process is the use of gold particles and coating them with target genes, such as Bt genes in our example (Peel, 2001). Using a gene gun, the genes are shot into the single cells of the corn plant without the help of the Agrobacterium in a process known as particle acceleration (Peel, 2001). Now that the Bt genes are already incorporated into the corn plant, a series of tests should confirm the potency of the bacterial gene. Plant tissue culture is the next step. Individual cells of the corn plant are obtained for culture and are subjected to the transformation process, which basically involves the elimination of non-transformed cells using a method that involves the use of selectable marker genes (Peel, 2001). The cultured corn plant cells are then treated with herbicide or antibiotic, and whole corn plants called Bt corn plants are then grown from the seeds of those cultured cells that eventually survive (Peel, 2001). If the Bt corn plant expresses the trait even after several generations using laboratory techniques, then it is believed to be stable and can now be bred using conventional agricultural methods and the final test would be for it to be able to stand environmental conditions (Peel, 2001). The process of transformation of the corn gene into the Bt corn gene involve s a crucial intermediate step where, before the Bt gene is inserted into the corn plant, it is first modified with promoters that would later on be recognized by the corn plant itself (Peel, 2001). This step and particularly these promoters is most crucial to the development of the toxic properties of the Bt corn plant. Because of these promoters, Bt corn â€Å"encodes crystalline proteins from the bacteria that are responsible for larvae toxicity† (Peel, 2001). Upon the Bt corn being eaten, these crystalline proteins, or Cry proteins, will bind to the insect’s midgut and cause a water imbalance that will eventually burst the cells and kill the pest (Peel, 2001). There are currently two types of promoters used in developing the Bt corn plant – the CaMV35S promoter and the PEP carboxylase promoter. The former expresses the toxicity of the Cry proteins in all plant tissues including the photosynthetic parts as well as the ears, roots and tassels, thus killing all insects that subsist on any part of the plant (Peel, 2001). On the other hand, the PEP carboxylase promoter, due to its exclusive affinity to cells that actively manufacture photosynthetic proteins, expresses the toxic properties of the crystalline proteins only in the photosyntheti